The demand for oil, gas, and other energy sources are growing
dramatically with the worldwide energy consumption that projected to increase
by 37 percent in 2035. Rising demand driven by world’s population which
predicted to increase by 25 percent in the next 20 years. Indonesia as the
fourth largest population in the world, known to its total primary energy
consumption increased by more than 50 percent between 2000 and 2010. Currently,
Indonesia’s oil production reached nearly 860,000 barrels of oil per day.
Oil and gas exploration and production (E and P) activities aside from a
necessity, are responsible for various environmental accidents around the
world, e.g.: Oil spills during transportation and distribution; Waste from the
E and P operations in the form of oil sludge, waste drilling fluid/mud; Waste
treatment plant residue (oil separator, oil catcher, dissolved air flotation);
Leakage from floating storage, tankers, storage tanks; Residue from cleaning
activities; Work over wastes, well completion, treatment, and stimulation
fluid; Produced water; Offshore wells drilling leakage as well as the
distribution of oil spilled from the well to the tanker and from the ship to
the mainland.Inadequate treatment of those wastes can threaten the human
health and safety as well as the environment.Read More......
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